Federal Charges that are Pursued in the Capitol Breach of January 6, 2021
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What kind of charges DO federal prosecutor pursue for the Capitol Breach of January 6, 2021 - Restricted area
This is our second article regarding the offenses that have been charged by the United States Office for the District of Columbia. The prosecutor has charged over 200 individuals with a variety of charges stemming from the January 6, 2021 Capitol Breach Cases.
One of the Charges the prosecutor office has brought is 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1) – Restricted Building. This article discusses what the Government must prove to secure a conviction pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 1752(a)1.
What are the elements that must be proven to be convicted of 18 U.S.C. § 1752(A)(1) - eNTERING A RESTRICTED BUILDING OR GROUNDS WITHOUT LAWFUL AUTHORITY TO DO SO
For the Government to prove that individual violated 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1) Otherwise Obstruct Official Proceeding they must prove:
- The defendant knowingly enters or remains
- in any restricted building or grounds
Let us break down each of the elements.
(1) The defendant knowingly enters or remains
First, let us define knowingly :
In order to explore knowingly we must look at a Federal case that addresses this element. The case on point is United States v. Bursey, 416 F.3d 301,309 (4th Cir. 2005).
Facts of Bursey:
The President of the United States was visiting South Carolina, on October 24, 2002, for a political rally held at the Columbia airport’s Doolittle Hangar. On the day of the political rally, law enforcement officers were stationed at the perimeter of the restricted area and were patrolling inside of it, although its boundaries were not marked by physical barriers or signs. Pedestrians were permitted to remain in the restricted area if they waited in line to get tickets. The Pedestrian were required to present tickets for the rally and pass through a security checkpoint. After the President arrived the restricted area was shut down and the area was cleared including ticket holders for the event. Only authorized personnel were permitted to enter. Mr. Bursey walked within the restricted area and refused to leave because he believed it was not restrictive. Law enforcements informed him that he could only go to designated demonstration area or be arrested. Mr. Bursey refused to leave the restricted area and he was arrested. Mr. Bursey argued that he did not have the criminal intent to commit the offense of 18 U.S.C. 1752(a)(1).
Holding of Bursey:
The Court held that when he was ordered to leave restricted area he intended to act unlawfully by refusing to leave restricted area. The Court stated the statutory term “knowingly” requires the Government to prove only that the defendant had knowledge of the facts underlying the offense.
(2) The Defendant was in a restricted building or grounds
What is a Restricted Area for Purposes of 18 U.S.C.A. § 1752(a)(1)?
The Court in Bursey addressed the definition of restrictive area by stating that law enforcement along an area’s perimeter squarely falls within the plain meaning of the term “cordoned off.” The Court held that officers at the perimeters of the area were sufficient to make it a “cordoned off” and otherwise restricted area. Furthermore, prior to the arrest of Bursey, the officer told him“[l]ook around you, there is nobody else here…. Don’t you understand, it’s completely closed off now….”
what Other Defenses Could be Raised to challenge 18 U.S.C. § 1752(a)(1)
The defense here would be to challenge restricted area. If you enter a building or grounds you do so knowingly. However, the question becomes whether the area was restricted? As you can see in the Bursey case, the area of restriction should be common sense. If you see a sign that says “Do not Enter” or “Authorized Personnel Only” that is clearly restrictive. Its also easy to know its restrictive if law enforcement tells you have to leave or you can not go in there.
What is the Penalty to 18 U.S.C. § 1752(A)(1)
A defendant convicted under Section 1752(a)(1) can be sentenced to a fine or for not more than one year, or both. If however, the person carries a weapon or firearm the sentence could be up to 10 years.